What is periodontal disease in dogs?

An infection of the tooth-supporting structures (gum, periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone). It starts with bacterial plaque that mineralises into tartar. Without treatment it destroys bone and leads to tooth loss.

What are the signs of dental disease in dogs?

Persistent bad breath (halitosis), red or bleeding gums, difficulty chewing, chewing on one side only, excessive drooling, reluctance to have the mouth touched, tooth loss and behavioural changes due to chronic pain.

How often should I brush my dog's teeth?

Ideally daily — plaque starts mineralising into tartar within 24-48 hours. Minimum 3 times per week. Always use dog-specific toothpaste (no fluoride or xylitol, both toxic to dogs).

When does my dog need a professional dental cleaning?

When tartar is visible (yellow-brown deposits at the gumline), gums are inflamed, or bad breath persists despite home care. Professional cleaning is performed under general anaesthesia and allows full examination of each tooth with a periodontal probe.

Dog Dental Disease: Symptoms, Brushing and Professional Cleaning

Why Your Dog's Teeth Matter More Than You Think

Periodontal disease is not just a hygiene issue: oral bacteria can enter the bloodstream and damage the heart, kidneys and liver. Veterinary studies have shown a correlation between severe periodontal disease and cardiomyopathy, chronic kidney disease and hepatitis. Looking after your dog's mouth is literally caring for their life.

Stages of Periodontal Disease

Stage 0: Clean teeth, pink firm gums. The goal!
Stage 1 (gingivitis): Slightly red, inflamed gums. Reversible with hygiene.
Stage 2: Bone loss <25 %. Professional cleaning required.
Stage 3: Bone loss 25-50 %. Advanced periodontal treatment.
Stage 4: Bone loss >50 %. Tooth extraction.

Warning Signs

Persistent bad breath: the most common and most often ignored sign.
Red, swollen or bleeding gums.
Visible tartar: yellow-brown deposits at the base of teeth.
Difficulty eating or chewing on one side only.
Excessive drooling or blood spots in the water bowl.
Behavioural changes (irritability, reluctance to play) from chronic pain.

How to Brush Your Dog's Teeth

Start gradually — don't attempt a full brush on day one:

Week 1: let the dog lick the toothpaste (chicken or canine mint flavour).
Week 2: gently touch their lips and gums with your finger while praising.
Week 3: introduce a finger brush or soft-bristled toothbrush.
Week 4 onwards: proper brushing, 30-60 seconds per session.

Focus on the outer surface of the teeth (cheek side), where tartar accumulates most. Hold the lip gently and move the brush at a 45° angle.

Alternatives to Brushing

VOHC-approved dental chews (Greenies, Pedigree Dentastix, Hill's Dental Chews): reduce tartar by up to 70 % in clinical studies.
Dental rubber toys (Kong, Nylabone): mechanical chewing removes plaque.
Water additives (Tropiclean, Vet's Best): help reduce plaque.
Dry kibble vs. wet food: kibble has a mild abrasive effect. Wet diets promote tartar build-up.

Professional Dental Cleaning

Once tartar has mineralised, only ultrasonic scaling can remove it. The procedure is performed under general anaesthesia, allowing full examination of each tooth with a periodontal probe, dental X-rays and extractions if needed. It is safe for healthy dogs and the only way to eliminate established disease.