What Is Hip Dysplasia?
Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is an abnormal development of the hip joint. Instead of a tight, stable fit between the femoral head and acetabulum, there is excessive laxity — the hip is "too loose." This chronic instability causes cartilage microtrauma, joint inflammation and, over time, secondary degenerative osteoarthritis. It is the most common inherited orthopaedic disease and the leading cause of hip arthritis in dogs.
Symptoms by Age
Puppies (4-18 months):
- Lameness of one or both hindlimbs, worsening after exercise.
- Difficulty rising, climbing stairs or jumping.
- "Bunny hopping": both hind legs moving together rather than alternating.
- Positive Ortolani sign on vet examination.
Adults and seniors:
- Morning stiffness that eases with movement.
- Progressive exercise intolerance.
- Hind-quarter muscle atrophy.
- Audible or palpable clicking in the hip joint.
Diagnosis
Sedated radiographs are the gold standard. OFA and PennHIP protocols are the international standards for responsible breeders and clinical assessment.
Conservative Management
- Weight control: the single most impactful intervention — every kilogram less dramatically reduces joint load.
- Physiotherapy and rehabilitation: hydrotherapy (swimming, underwater treadmill), massage, thermotherapy.
- Analgesic medication: NSAIDs (meloxicam, carprofen) under veterinary prescription. Never use human ibuprofen or paracetamol — toxic to dogs.
- Chondroprotectants: glucosamine + chondroitin sulphate, omega-3 fatty acids. Moderate evidence, excellent safety profile.
- Moderate, regular exercise: short, frequent walks; avoid high-impact activities (ball throwing, jumping).
Surgical Options
- Triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO): for puppies without established arthritis (under 10 months). Reorients the acetabulum.
- Total hip replacement (THR): 80-95 % success rate; best option for severe CHD with significant pain.
- Femoral head ostectomy (FHO): affordable option for small and medium dogs.
Prevention and Responsible Breeding
Buy or adopt puppies from breeders who certify the parents' hips (OFA or PennHIP). Avoid overfeeding puppies and do not over-exercise large breeds before skeletal maturity (12-18 months).