What is spondylosis in dogs?
Spondylosis deformans is a degenerative spinal condition in which bone spurs (osteophytes) or bone bridges form between vertebrae. It develops as a response to the progressive wear of intervertebral discs and the ventral spinal ligament.
It is most common in dogs over 7β8 years of age and in large breeds: Boxer, German Shepherd, Labrador, Dobermann and Airedale Terrier have a higher predisposition.
Symptoms
- Stiffness or difficulty rising, lying down or climbing stairs.
- Reduced activity and restricted range of motion.
- Tenderness along the spine when touched.
- In severe cases: hind-limb weakness, ataxia or incontinence (when there is associated neurological compression).
- Many dogs with mild spondylosis are asymptomatic.
Diagnosis
X-ray is the primary diagnostic tool: osteophytes and bone bridges are clearly visible. CT or MRI are reserved for cases with neurological signs.
Treatment
- Veterinary NSAIDs (meloxicam, carprofen): reduce inflammation and pain. Never give human ibuprofen β it is toxic to dogs.
- Physiotherapy and rehabilitation: hydrotherapy (swimming), massage and controlled exercise improve mobility and supporting musculature.
- Joint supplements: glucosamine, chondroitin sulphate and omega-3 have moderate evidence of benefit.
- Weight management: essential to reduce spinal load.
- Surgery: rarely needed; only for severe neurological compression with progressive motor deficit.
Prognosis
Mild-to-moderate spondylosis has a good prognosis with appropriate management. Most dogs maintain an acceptable quality of life for years. Annual radiographic follow-up is recommended to monitor progression.